Beer as a social drink and its subsequent acceptance across the globe.

Beer as a social deglutition and its subsequent acceptance across the globe.IntroductionThe study bequeath start with looking at the ontogenesis of beer as a social drink and its subsequent acceptance across the globe. The study pull up stakes also investigate how different markers came in to channelize parley of beer and incorporated community activities like football, rugby and food as moments for beer white plague to change magnitude product acceptance. We will also look at various multinational festivals like the Oktoberfest and the Great British Beer festival in UK which have developed as a part of beer last and helped in the spread of the product done replicated festivals in various parts of the world. Primary research will be done done online surveys and interviews with respondents across Europe, North and South America, and Asia to understand consumer attitudes towards beer in these regions and a comparative abridgment will be done on their responses. Based on th e tastes, the study will investigate whether a similar model tin be replicated in India for the nascent beer industry under the hobby heads Which of the marketing and dialogue strategies used in other countries would / wouldnt work in India, and why? Opportunities for buffet of festival models from other countries. Implications for the Indian beer manufacturers and marketers, ground on a comparative analysis of beer positioning and communication in different cultures.Literature ReviewA preliminary study of literature on beer industry globally and consumer behaviour revealed the pursuance salient points* Research shows that beer is a non-food specific drink comp atomic number 18d to wine. It is to a greater extent of a masculine and non-formal occasion drink and associated with fun and social events.When it comes to different brands of beer, it is important for them to focus on positioning and consumer engagement. Beer has slowly become more(prenominal) fashionable to drink w ith its association with activities like football, rugby and rock music.* Peer pressure plays a huge role on the consumption of inebriantic beverage. alcoholic beverage is associated with a list of set which are belonging, excitement, warm relationships, self-fulfilment, strong-respected, fun and enjoyment, security, self-respect, and sense of accomplishment. These are important cues for any company while designing their marketing and communication strategy for their brand.* In America, beer joints try on forming communities through engaging events and activities. The ambience of the place is also very critical since beer consumption is all about having a good time.* Forming a tie in with the brand is also an important parameter when it comes to selling beer. As quoted by Mike Bristol, owner-founder of Bristol Brewing Co. in Colorado Springs a lot more community want to spend on a company that they have some common association with. Theyre local anaesthetic, theyre in the com munity, and theyre visible. Import beers dont seem to be doing well in theirr market or nationally, and he think thats a shift. Beer is also seen as a product, consumption of which does not go down even in frugal crisis times.* As per Culinary Currents, Beer, Wine and Spirits. (2008, September 15). Nations Restaurant News, some myths about beer are Dark beer is heavy Ale is stronger than lager Stout is a meal in a glass Imported beer is better than domestic beer Wine is more complex than beer Fruit beers are girly beers All beer is best served ice-cold Beer and fine eat dont mix Some craft beer makers have also tried to mix beer with specially crafted menu like cheese and seasonal food. The restaurants have even started experimenting with beer to croak cocktails to increase penetration and frequency of beer consumption. This, though, could dilute the product personality of beer which does not reflect sectionalisationy, fine dining experience but a more un unploughed and aggres sive environment. This food and beer mix is primarily targeted towards non-regular beer drinkers and first timers. Some stats from the US market for March-April 2008 reveal interesting facts (Category Insight, Beverage Beer Demographics. (2008, April). RETAIL MERCHANDISER, 10.) Beer was the fourth largest in price of US dollar sales in edible grocery supermarket category. 37% of US adults are regular beer consumers 52% of total beer drinkers are age 28 to 49, but versus their size in the beer-consuming population, 41% of beer brashness is consumed by 21 to 27 year olds 32% of beer drinkers shop for beer one to three times separately week 47% of beer shoppers buy wine in addition to beer 41% add animate 70% are male 84% are White, 10% Latino, 6% Afri loafer American 59% have an income above $59,000 Grocery is the most common beer channel choice at 46% When available, shoppers overwhelmingly cull to buy cold beer* A brand study in one of the highest beer consuming nations of the world, Czech Republic and Britain suggests that branding played an important role in the development of the organised beer market in these countries at a national level. The entire system was well structured with organisational hierarchies in place as well as streamlined distribution channels. The regional brands on the other hand, do not follow a very structured nation-wide campaign. Although the brand development in case of national brands in both these countries are at similar levels, as we go down the bracket, the branding of regional markets in Czech becomes lesser developed compared to Britain. For the Czech consumers unlike British, brands were not a consideration in making the choice for public houses as some(prenominal) as the taste and glow of the beer was. To sustain these smaller breweries, a order was enacted in which the local public houses were obliged to sell the product from the local breweries restricting the entry of national brands into these places. This rule though, is not present in Czech Republic making branding more important for them. To keep the beer industry safe in Czech, the breweries have kept the price of their beer lower than the other West European countries. * In 2007, 7 billion litres of beer was consumed at the Oktoberfest in Munich in Germany. The biggest cultural context of this festival is the symbolism of equality that is shown as people from all classes and categories sit on the same table to enjoy their beer. The fair is the worlds largest fair which attracts visitors in excess of 7 million from all over the world. Such is the pull of this festival, that similar concepts have been replicated in other countries like Canada, Brazil, USA, and India. * The whassup campaign by Anheuser-Busch for Bud Light revolutionised beer advertizement as it targeted the core group of 21-27 year old males who loved to hang out with friends over sporting events. * The Indian consumer mindset can be divided into the following sub he ads Mind over Matter The Functional over the Ornamental Fear of Tomorrow Enjoying the Ordinary The Desire to Fit In* In UK, beer publicizing has been moving towards more engaging media like the internet from televisions to deepen their customers experience. Companies like Stella Artois have invested in multi-layer brand experience which tries to connect more with the customers and at a personal level. * Taking the case of Heineken, a lot of its global success can be attributed to its consistency in quality and uniformity in brand message everywhere. The marketing of Heineken is a combination of global feeling and local execution. * In its 2004 report, Global Status on Alcohol, the World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated in that respect were 2 billion drinkers of alcohol on the planet. Trends suggest that for brands to become bigger, globalisation is the way forward. This becomes slightly easier as the consumers in most developed countries and emerging economies are now well info rmed and despite the cultural differences, are more open to worldwide brands. * The study of global drinking trends suggests emerging markets have much better emersion rates than developed markets where the growth is static. Urbanisation, affluence and influence of mass media is playing a major role in this growth. The availability of alcohol in supermarkets is also driving consumption. Beer stands fourth after carbonated drinks, tea and water in terms of share of throat in the world. The off-premise locations are drivers of volume whereas value drivers are the on-premise outlets. In mature markets, growth will be driven by experiential marketing. Barman and barista in urban areas are getting celebrity chef status. * In traditional drinking alcohol essentially signified a males entry into adulthood and was associated with food. In the modern day, drinks have become more of an individuals style statement and identity. It is important now to be seen with the right drink for the r ight occasion. Communities and association with them has become more important than before. Another newly exploitation phenomenon is that of post modern drinking where connoisseurship, novelty and exclusivity are taking predominance. Themed drinking associated with specific cultures is also seeing a good interest amongst the travelling class who get exposed to different cultures frequently. Some of the names like Guinness and Scotch whiskey have become iconic as they are seeped deep in the local culture. * According to the Euromonitor report of 2005, the following are the key drivers in the beverage industries in the major countries Australia convenience and health, mature market needing to add value. Alcohol part of the culture Brazil status, sociability and convenience, developing market with opportunities for growth and adding value. Market vulnerable to economic volatility, beer and football key to national culture chinaware affordability, convenience and status in cities, developing market with huge urban dominance, rural areas remain largely unchanged France convenience, sociability and status, traditional drinking culture being eroded by changing demands and globalisation Germany price, convenience and health, mature market opportunities to add value. Interest in discounters among affluent and poor Italy sociability, status and health, mature market adapting to changes but traditional infrastructure Japan convenience, status and health, mature market, highly fragmented and source of innovation Russia affordability, convenience, status, high consumption of locally produced spirits as well as increasing presence of global brands in the cities, high beer and vodka consumption. Alcohol dependence an issue among rural male Russians Spain status, sociability and health, directing market in terms of youth drinking trends older drinkers stick to traditional drinking, young driving the post-modern UK convenience, sociability and health, mature market adding value through novelty concentrated retail infrastructure US convenience, sociability and health, mature market adding value through segmentation and premiumisation* A few of the future trends which can be seen in the global drinks industry are health awareness, fusion drinking, artisan brands and connoisseurship experiential marketing and sociability. * Specific to Germany which has the 3rd highest beer per capita consumption in the world, the consumption of beer has been slowly going down. This is attributed to rising prices and the health consciousness of the drinking population. In turn, flavoured beer, non-alcoholic beer and malt-based Ready to Drinks are showing growth in consumption. * A major development in recent years has been the role and involvement of women in purchasing the drinks. Some of the international brands have started targeting women by creating flavoured beers for them. The communication strategy suave targets the male predominantly though.* Econometrics study in the US by Franke and Wilcox suggests that there is no significant correlation between the beer publicize and alcohol consumption. All advertising does is make people aware of the brands available but does not really affect the amount of beer consumed overall. A study by Waterson in UK, shows that although advertising spends increase 80% between 1978 to 1987, the actual sale of beer in this period fell by 14%. The study also included Sweden which has banned alcohol advertising since 1979 with similar results. * The April 2009 Euromonitor report on beer shows a global demand of 184.6 billion litres. In the mature markets volumes are declining but in terms of value consumption is increasing. Laws on drinking and driving are encouraging growth of low/non-alcoholic beer and currently it accounts for 2% of global beer market but is showing high growth rate especially in Muslim countries. In Spain, this category already accounts for 20% of beer volumes. There is also a trend of moving away from the courtly beer type to niche segments like wheat beer and craft beer. Dark beer is also seeing a healthy revival in growth. * Specific to India, beer consumption has registered an increase of 700% between the period of 1995-2007. The per capita expenditures on alcohol have grown at twice the rate of the average growth in the rate of expenditure in this period. The average of 24 in the country with affluence, access to mass media and information, lowering of entry barriers and high awareness levels means a goldmine of an opportunity for alcohol companies. Retailing for wine and beer is now allowed in supermarkets on a lot of states thereby reaching out to more potential consumers, especially the women. This has also resulted in more and more urban households stocking alcohol at their homes unlike earlier times. Finally, the major beer manufacturers will have to compete for an expanding but challenging global market, which will ask hard questions of the positions that global players occupy by category, price point and geography. India will form a major part of this strategy shift and it is already visible with the number of beer brands that have entered the Indian market in the past 2 years. All the research done above negotiation about beer as a part of the popular culture in developed markets. The challenge is to try and suggest a workable strategy for India based on consumer insight to tap the enormous potential that it offers. India today stands at the forefront of this opportunity and hence it is important for these international players to understand the cultural nuances of the Indian consumer before formulating their strategies for the market. abstract Framework/Problem DefinitionIndia has one of the lowest annual per capita consumption levels of beer in the world, at 1 litre. The biggest international names like InBev/Anheuser-Busch, Heineken and Carlsberg have already started making investments in the market. Carlsberg h as already invested close to $ 200 milion in production facilities in the country. The other companies are also entering the market through tie-ups with local players or setting up their own breweries. The growing affluence and increased disposable incomes along with the low average age of Indians presents a huge potential waiting to be tapped by these players. The increased global travel and exposure to westerly media has led to changing attitudes towards alcohol. This is expected to boost beer sales, while shifting judicature policy regarding alcohol and reductions in taxes and duties present interesting opportunities for large domestic and multinational players alike. Some of the states have already allowed beer to be sold in supermarket formats hence increasing penetration of beer substantially.For international players, the race is on to establish local manufacturing facilities and distribution networks, in order to gain first-mover advantage over other entrants. before lon g the Indian market is dominated by local players but lack of other options has a major role to play in this. Curiosity and aspirational value attached to imported beer presents a unique market for these international players. Clear opportunities exist for those companies which are partnering with local companies or setting up their own breweries to get a head start in this dynamic market. At this juncture it is of paramount importance for these companies to get their marketing and communication strategy right. This is all the more important because the Indian market and consumer presents a challenge which is different from any other country in the world. Even within India, the cultural diversity is such(prenominal) that different strategies might be needed for different parts of the country. The current literature reviewed primarily consists of work which has been done in the developed beer markets or talks about projected figures based on empirical data. The biggest gap in such pr ojections is the lack of understanding of the Indian consumer. Launches of a number of successful international products in India backed by such research have failed because of this. This research will try and understand the cultural differences between the Indian beer drinker and the western beer drinker and do a comparative analysis to gain insights which can be used to design the marketing and communications strategy for these international companies. Beer as a product has been successful in developed countries because of the community culture they have created amongst the consumers. The research will help determine key drivers and key characteristics of the Indian beer market. Proposed Research DesignThe research will be carried out through administering questionnaires to the beer drinking community in urban India as well as respondents in USA, Canada, Germany, UK, Columbia, Brazil, China, France, Poland, Finland, Slovakia, Lithuania and Korea. Detailed interviews will be carrie d out with some respondents in all these locations through telephonic interview/online interaction to understand the culture of beer consumption there. An analysis will also be done to compare the communication of the top 3 brands of the world in all these countries to see the differences and similarities and how these consumers absorb it. The Indian respondents will then be shown the communication used in all these countries and insights will be taken on their response to each communication. This will give us insights on the cultural differences and similarities between the Indian consumer and their international counterparts. The sample size will consist of at least 10 detailed interviews of international respondents and 10 in depth interviews on Indian consumers. The questionnaires will be administered to 150 beer drinkers in India and 50 based abroad. The sample size of the questionnaire might increase based on the response of the target group. Expected ContributionThe study as earlier mentioned will give a deep insight into the mindset of the urban Indian consumer with respect to beer. It will also look at what are the associations that the Indian consumer has with the alcohol industry in terms of perceptions and specifically with beer. Their responses to international communication will be recorded and analysed to define the key drivers and the key characteristics of the Indian market. The final output as mentioned in the introduction would address at the following heads Which of the marketing and communication strategies used in other countries would / wouldnt work in India, and why? Opportunities for replication of festival models and other community building activities from other countries. Implications for the Indian beer manufacturers and marketers, based on a comparative analysis of beer positioning and communication in different cultures.

The Conflict Between Manmade Law And Natural Law Philosophy Essay

The Conflict Between Manmade Law And Natural Law Philosophy judgeWhen Agamemnon is forced to pass by Chryseis back to her father, he gives an ultimatum declaring that he would only do so if he gets Briseis in exchange. This infuriates the mighty Achilles beyond control (hence the above quote) who accordingly goes on to con scarecrow Agamemnon. This where the whole issue of manmade rightfulness vs. internal fairness comes into play, because in book I, Agamemnon is described as a powerful man who lords it over all the Argives, ane the Achaeans mustiness obey A mighty king, Achilles on the other hand, is expressed as the matchless runner. This shows us that even though by the law of nature, Achilles should be the one who is in control, but by the right of birth, Agamemnon is the one in complete power. When trying to explain the difference in manmade law vs. ingrained law, the distinction is very straightforward. There argon certain incurs in society that we have to abide by i n order for harmonious living. These be rudi handstary norms and values that are drilled into us from childhood through diverse forms of socialization such(prenominal) as school, family etc. These include various regulations such as respect, love and to value those who are near and dear to us. In school we have various sanctions imposed on us if we break either of the set norms such as cheating or skiving class for no apparent rea discussion. For more(prenominal) serious offences such as murder, fraud or theft, various agents of social control stern rein in these un essential desires by putting us into remand homes or jail. Furthermore, within a country we are given certain compassionate rights which we can exercise on a daily fanny such as freedom of speech, right to equal vindication under the law etc. When new rules and regulations are set up within a society, we say that these rules are manmade, as these do not comes inwroughtly to us.Natural law is that unwritten law that is more or less the same for everyone everywhere. To be more exact, intrinsic law is the fantasy of a consistency of moralistic principles that is common to all humankind and, as generally posited, is recognizable by human reason alone. Natural law is therefore distinguished from-and provides a standard for- manmade law, the formal legal enactments of a situation society. Since laws are made for a reason natural law is used to dictate human reason. In fact, it is law discovered by human reason. Our normal and natural grasp of the natural law is affected by reason, that is, by the thinking mind, and in this work reason is sometimes called conscience. We, in all our human acts, inevitably contain them in their relation to the natural law, and we mentally pronounce upon their agreement or division with the natural law. Such a pronouncement may be called a judgment of conscience. The norm of morality is the natural law as applied by conscience. Lastly, we can say that th e natural law is the disposition of things as known by our human reason and to which we must conform ourselves if we are to realize our prim end or good as human beings. So in a more concise form, we can say that natural law is that by human beings can rationally guide themselves to their good.The origins of natural law theory lie in Ancient Greece. Many Greek philosophers discussed and codified the concept of natural law, and it played an important role in Greek government. Later philosophers such as St. Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke built on the work of the Greeks in natural law theory treatises of their own. Many of these philosophers used natural law as a framework for criticizing and reforming manmade laws, arguing that manmade laws which are unjust under the principles of natural law are legally wanting. Some theorists argue that humans may give up certain rights to live in society, for the better human good. However, the basic tenets of equality and a desire to do good still remain. Some spate also integrate religious beliefs into natural law theory, while others indicate more generally to basic moral laws which may or may not be guided by religious faith. To actually understand the basis of the natural law theory, we have to go back in time, as Aristotle was the pioneer in coming up with this theory. In ancient Greece, the emphasis on the difference between nature (physis, ) and law, custom, or convention (nomos, ) was made obvious from the start. It basically meant that even though the law of the land may vary from location to place, but by nature they should be the same everywhere. Against the conventionalism that the distinction between nature and custom could create, Socrates and his philosophic heirs, Plato and Aristotle, put forward the pull roundence of natural justice or natural right.Going back to explaining natural law and manmade law in the Iliad, we can understandably see the disproportion in the ranks within the army. Achilles, who is the son of the goddess Thetis, is made the leader of the Achaeans whereas Agamemnon is the commander-in-chief and is a mere mortal. Furthermore, we note that Achilles is self-less and noble, while Agamemnon is self-centered and egotistical. Proof of this is evident when Achilles is made to give up his prize (Briseis) because Agamemnon demands it in return for sending back Chryseis. Achilles is en rampd by the request and argues that the plunder has already been distributed and a good man does not take back what he has given. Agamemnon and Achilles argue, each man insulting the other. Agamemnon threatens to take a prize if one is not given to him, and Achilles reminds him that all of the Achaeans are fighting against foes who have only incorrectlyed Menelaus. For the sake of the twain royal brothers, the Argives bloody their hands against men who have done them no wrong. Achilles also complains that though he bears the heaviest burden in fighting, it is the king w ho is always envious for prizes. Achilles refuses to fight anymore as he will go home to Phthia. Because of this dishonor, anger seizes Achilles and he strides toward Agamemnon to kill him. Hera sends the goddess genus Athene to stop him. Only Achilles can see Athena, who tells him not to kill the king. She promises that Achilles will be justly compensated for this great dishonor and Achilles obeys her. This is itself is a trait to be noted, even though Achilles is seething with rage and a passion to destroy Agamemnon there and then, he restraints himself just because he is instructed by a goddess and shown that even though he may be stronger and more virtuous of the two, Agamemnon is still the king and thus he must be obeyed unconditionally.Manmade law is made for the betterment of mankind. Man knows this law, makes this law, and therefore has the ability to break this law, or amend it, or delete it. In the Iliad, we can see that Agamemnon not only twists and turns the law to his advantage but even tries to test his army, just so he can be confident that his army still pays him the kind of respect demanded by a king, unquestionable and undeniable. This is seen when Thetis, pleads with Zeus to intervene and bring the battle between the two mighty warriors to an end. Zeus then comes to Agamemnon in his dream, but Agamemnon manipulates it to his advantage. We also observe the obvious difference between Achilles and Agamemnon, when Nestor, oldest of the Achaean kings, rises and tells the two men that they must listen to him, because he is old and has lived and fought with warriors greater than any now living. He asks Agamemnon not to take Briseis, Achilles fairly won prize, and he tells Achilles that he must respect Agamemnons position as commander-in-chief. His words are lost on the two men. Achilles returns to his ships with his companion Patroclus. The Achaeans send the ships to make the sacrifice, with Odysseus in charge of the expedition. Meanwhile, Agamemn on sends men to induce Briseis, who is given up without a fight Achilles does not resist because the girl was a gift distributed by Agamemnon and the great warrior feels it is not his place to refuse the king. This clearly shows that if Achilles wanted, he could have struck down Agamemnon without any effort and still has his army, but he choose to obey the law of the land and conform to the rule of obeying ones king. Agamemnon on the other hand, misused and abused his power and took what was not his and behaved in a way not fitting for a ruler.As per positivists like Rousseau (1754), there is no law unless we create it, which is true in the sense that there are no social consequences of our actions unless society has agreed to implement such consequences. The concept of natural law suggests that there are forces acting upon man that are beyond change. Although there are obvious examples of scientific natural law, such as the law of gravity, there are more subtle examples such as th e law that stealing from your neighbor will cause hardship on you and others. jibe to Dentreves (1954) Natural Law is binding beyond the will of any material being, man included. What this is trying to imply is that natural law exists even without the existence of man, and indeed as history shows us, natural law did exist well before man, and even life in general. Manmade laws are culturally and psychologically defined, in no way can they be confused with natural law. The line between natural and manmade law must be drawn between those laws which were consciously created and those which exist somewhat by default. Yves R. Simon says that natural law cannot be broken. Moral sentiments seem to be natural law because our morality leads us to think egocentrically about it. Manmade law is also known as positive law in many contexts, the reason this is so is because they are typically imposed on the citizens of a particular area. There are many arguments that point towards the fact that positive law is always religious in nature, for example The go Commandments of Christianity Christians might consider the Ten Commandments valid not only because they are rooted in moral principles, but also because they may have been etched in stone by God. This view is supported by the fact that positivists believe that in order for a law to be obeyed, it must be endorsed by an individual in authority. Ethics are sometimes woven into positive law, but behaving in an unethical way is not necessarily considered a violation of the law. For example, it may be considered unethical for a corporation to minimize profits for its own gain however, if this behavior is performed under the applicable positive law, it may not be illegal.Besides, another(prenominal) theory that comes through by many sociologists such as Novak stated that man made law has actually stemmed from natural law. The example he gave for this is that of traffic rules, what could be the purpose of looking both ways befo re crossing a street? The answer was simple he argued, every human being has the natural instinct of staying alive and will try to quash any situation is which their life is in danger. Behaving in any other way, would conclusion in altruistic behavior, i.e. in order to motivate oneself, behaving in a manner that is selfless and detrimental. Going back to analyzing the implications of the conflict between manmade law and natural law in Book I of the Iliad, we can now look into it with a more educated point of view. Achilles behaved in an honorable way because one reason may be that he may want to remain true to his psycheal code of ethics or second he may be doing so, so that he still commands the same sort of respect from his subordinates as before. We should note however, that even though Achilles rage is legendary, one word from Athena calmed him enough to restrain himself. The saying your freedom ends where my nose begins can be aptly applied to this particular situation. This is because even though Agamemnon openly slighted Achilles in front of the entire army and showed him who was in charge, Achilles ignored it.Adler, in his works, once said that natural law means principles of human conduct, not the laws of nature discovered by the physical sciences. According to him, the natural law as applied to physical things or animals is sacred stars and atoms never disobey the laws of their nature. But man often violates the moral rules which constitute the law of his specific human nature. For e.g. Plato calls it justice and applies it to the human soul and human conduct. The first precept of natural law is to seek the good and avoid evil. It is often put as follows Do good unto others, injure no one, and render to every man his own. Now, of course, such a general principle is baseless for organized society unless we can use it to specify various types of rights and wrongs. That is precisely what man-made, or positive, law tries to do. Thus, the natural law tells us only that stealing is wrong because it inflicts injury, but the positive law of larceny defines the various kinds and degrees of theft and prescribes the punishments. Such particular determinations may differ in various times and places without affecting the principles of natural law. Neither Aquinas nor Aristotle thinks that particular rules of laws should be the same in different times, places, and conditions.In the Iliad, the implications of pitting man made law versus natural law can be countless. Achilles refused to fight in the war against the Trojans, because his pride was wounded during his personal battle against Agamemnon. He vowed that he would not fight Hector, greatest warrior of the Trojans, and thus penalise his hurt when he sees Agamemnon fall dismally to the ground. If Agamemnon had not exercised his right as the supreme ruler, this would not have happened and he, with the help of mighty Achilles, would have continued his taking streak against Troy. In co nclusion, it is easy to see that because of the various rules drawn out for us in society, expressing our true sentiments can be tricky. Even Achilles, the matchless runner, had to reduce his fury because going with his instinct would bring embarrassment and shame to himself. Finally, in my opinion, the affect of manmade laws in society is far greater than that of natural laws. We see it in everyday life even, we can always look to people in power e.g. politicians and see that its not always the smartest or most virtuous person who is elected to power, more times than not, the people responsible for our life are those who are already moneyed or have enough financial perceptual constancy to fund their next three generations. Hence the laws that are put into effect only benefit them and their allies. The Iliad was used as a guidance manual for generations and people still look to it for moral lessons, this is because even though it took place centuries ago, the fundamental message i s still well founded for todays modern society.Natural Law Vs. Manmade Law 3

Influence of Organization Justice on OCBs

Influence of Organization Justice on OCBs1. IntroductionQuestions regarding the organization jurist and OCBs hold received considerable attention by the queryers in the argonas of industrial psychology, human resource management and organizational behavior during last few decades. Much more studies take a shit been conducted to investigate the personal effects of organizational referee on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). Researchers deal been emphasizing the dealingship of organization arbiter with OCBs across the world through with(predicate) different moderating variables. The member which I shake up chosen for review is The Effects of Leader-Member Exchange on Organizational Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behavior Empirical Study written by Noormala Amir Ishak and Syed Shah Alam and produce in European Journal of Social Sciences in 2009. As it is reflected in the topic, the reason in this article analyzed the impact of three types of organizational rightness on five dimensions of OCBs. The author in addition assesses the mediating map of Leader-Member Exchange in the relationship of organizational legal expert and OCBs.In the first part, the paper beneath intervention pull up stakes to be summarized and in the second part, the relevance of the article to the Management will be discussed. In last part of critical review, first the article has been summarized and the critical remarks have been pen down.2. Relevance to the ManagementOrganizational JusticeThe issue of organizational legal expert and OCBs has attained ample attention of research friendship under the umbrella of organizational behaviors from last 4 decades. The work of Folger and Greenbergs (1985) is considered to be pioneering in this atomic number 18a of research, which received considerable attention in academic circles. It was followed by the direct of Cropanzano, et al. (2001), whose primary focus was to explore the perception of justice and fair d ealings among workers on work places. Later studies gear up organization justice to have a strong link with HR factors such as perceived organizational harbour, allow forership behaviors and scaters-member supercede, empowerment, communication and socialization (H. Zhang, 2006 Jahangir, et. al, 2004) and employees attitudes such as meditate satisfaction, excogitate commitment, turnover intentions, employee deviance, job stress (Zhang, 2006 Karriker and Williams, 2009 Aquino, et al., 1999). Researchers in the sports stadium of organizational justice classified these factors into three dimensions Distri yetive, Procedural and Interactional (Colquitt, 2001 Greenberg, 1993). These dimensions of justice have been reviewed in pursuit sections.i) Distributive JusticeDistributive justice refers to the extent to which employees perceive the fairness of their work outcomes (Adam, 1965 Homans, 1968). Distributive justice is derived from equity surmise provided by Adam (1963, 1965). The opening argues that people compare the ratios of their perceived input (e.g. contribution) and output (e.g. financial and non-financial rewards) with those of other(a)s at the workplace. If in that location is imbalance, the individuals whose ratio is greater than the other is perceived as underpaid whereas the individuals whose ratio is lesser is perceived as overpaid. Equal ratios are strongly associated with positive employees behaviors towards their jobs and organizations (Greenberg, 1990). Individuals who perceive themselves as comparatively low paid, attempt to reduce their distress by attempting to render the inequitable situation to comfortable equitable position. These attempts may either be behavioral (e.g. altering job input and/or output) or psychological (e.g. altering perception of work input/or ouput) (Walster, et al. 1978). Keeping in view the equity theory, later studies nominate that underpaid individuals decrease their contribution and individuals overpa id increase their contribution to secure the organizational goals (Greenberg, 1982).ii) Procedural JusticeThibaut and Walker conducted a series of see in early 1970s on the reaction to dispute-resolution process which further lead them to the development of adjectival justice theory (Thibaut and Walkder, 1975). Procedural justice was conceived as extent to which individuals recognize the fairness of procedures and systems that govern the allotment of rewards (Leventhal, 1980 Lind and Tyler, 1988). Leventhal (1980) provided a variety of rules which allocation procedure must satisfy in order to be perceived as fair. These rules are consistency, bias-suppression, accuracy, correctability, representativeness and ethicality. Leventhal reason out that perception of adjectival justice will be positive if these rules are sufficiently satisfied by the reward allocation procedure. Greenberg (1986) commented that individuals believe that reward resulting from unfair processes are themsel ves unfair but lonesome(prenominal) when such outcomes are little beneficial. On the other hand, outcomes that provide more returns are perceived as fair irrespective of the fairness of outcome allocation procedure. When procedures are transparent and people are being informed about them, they recognize that they are being treated fairly (Beugre, 1998).iii) Interactional (Interpersonal and Informational) JusticeExtending the previous theories of procedural justice, Bies and Moag (1986) differentiated betwixt formal procedures (e.g. consistency, bias-suppression, accuracy) and the social aspects of fairness (e.g. treatment with courtesy) and introduced third dimension of organizational justice termed as interactional justice. According to the Bies and Moag (1986), interactional justice refers to the extent to which employees are treated with dignity and respect. Interpersonal treatment is open up to have a epoch-making impact on the employees perception of organizational justice as well. Employees perception is promoted when the justifications regarding the situation are clearly, truthfully and adequately explained and when employees are treated with courtesy, dignity and respect (Bies, Shapiro, Cumming, 1988).Organizational Citizenship BehaviorsEmployees Readiness to exert extra efforts beyond their formal job duties has long been identified as an essential predictor of organizational death penalty. It is noted in the work environment that the readiness of employees to exert reconciling efforts ultimately leads to the effective achievements of organizational goals. Exploring further this area, Katz and Kahn (1978) revealed that the rewards that motivate such unprompted, informal input are different from those that encourage task proficiency. Such theories provided an arena to the confederate researchers among them, Organ (1988) first introduced the concept of OCBs. Citizenship is a behavioral component that is believed to have a promise to improve org anizational productivity by improving the attitudes of employees, creating harmony, cooperation and coordination among employees and minimizing disagreements (Bateman and Organ, 1983 metalworker et al, 1983). OCB is defined as an optional and extra role, beyond the formal job, without expecting any reward that improves organizational functioning (Organ, 1988). Behavior such as helping an deficient co-worker, willing to perform extra duties whenever required, playing vital role in the organization functions even without assigning the duty and resolving unconstructive interpersonal fighting (Organ, 1990).Organ (1988) introduced five dimensions OCBs i.e. Altruism (helping the specific others on the organizational tasks), Conscientiousness (efficient use of time, extra role with respect to the attendance, abiding by organizational rules, dissolve time etc), Courtesy (get the update information and providing it to others to avoid work related problems), Sportsmanship (avoids complaini ng, Maximum use of time for organizational profitability), Civic Virtue (participating in committees and provide work for organizational functions). Followed breeding by Farh et. al., (1997) investigated two types of organizational behaviors i.e. positive contribution and preventing to engage in activities that are harmful to others.Leader-Member ExchangeLeader-member exchange (LMX) theory suggests that quality of the exchange relationships that have been amongst employees and their leaders promise the highly productive attitudes of employees (Gerstner and Day, 1997 Graen and Uhl-Bien, 1995). LMX theory is unique among leadership theories in its focus on the dyadic exchange relationships between supervisors and each of their subordinates (Gerstner and Day, 1997). High-quality exchange relationships are based upon the mutual trust, respect, and obligation that generate coherence between an employee and his or her supervisor. Low-quality exchange relationship, on the other hand, a re characterized by formal, role-defined interactions and predominantly contractual exchanges that result in hierarchy-based downward influence and distance between the parties.Social Exchange TheorySocial exchange theory by Blau (1964) assumes that a reciprocative relationship between two humans or parties can be established. In other words, if one society renders its services or anything to the other, the receiving party would be obliged to perform the equivalent or similar function for the former, in the days to come. If this sort of reciprocal relations are carried over the period, these would result in a social bond. This bond gives birth to trust, reliance and confidence between the parties. For instance, if an employer treats his employees with care and respect, the employees would behave, in take, in the same gentle and tender way. The treatment of employees may be in the form of better performance or undertaking their duties in an honest manner. Various studies on relat ed topics such as organizational justice (Cropanzane et. al, 2001), leadership (Graen and Scandura, 1987), psychological contract (Rousseau, 1989, 1998), and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCB) (Organ, 1988, 1990) conducted in different cultures have back up this theory empirically. Arguably, the reciprocal nature of human relations is more important in traditional cultures like Pakistan. The requiting norm of this theory reflects from the behaviors of Pakistani people. So, the social exchange theory provides a theoretical basis for conducting a study on behavioral aspect of relations between workers and owners, in context of Pakistan.In the light of above-mentioned theories, it is concluded that fair organizational practices promise the productive and favorable employees attitude. Under the social exchange theory there is reciprocal relation can be seen between firm and its employee when employees who are being treated fairly demonstrate to be involved more in some extra a ctivities beyond their formal job duties to improve the firms effectiveness. Leader-Member exchange is one of the leadership theories which conclude that employees perform more if there is best dyadic relationship between leader and his follower. The article under discussion is found to be under the umbrella of study of organizational behaviors which is central theme of Human Resource Management. The study of organizational behaviors deals with behavioral issues of employees with the fair game to improve the employees behaviors to accomplish the organizational goals efficiently.1. Summary of the ArticleObjectives of the StudyThe study foc apply on OCB and examined the influence of organizational justice on OCB. The study is evaluate to address these two issues (1) to investigate the influence of organizational justice types on OCB and (2) to examine the role of LMX as a mediator in the relationship between organizational justice types and OCB.Research DesignResearch FrameworkOn th e basis of literature review, the following research model has been established by the author to explore the relationship between organizational justice and OCB with the moderating role of LMX.Hypothesis for this study are as underH1 Organizational justice types have significant positive relationships with OCB. The impact of interpersonal justice and informational justice are stronger on OCB than the impact of distributive justice and procedural justice.H2 Organizational justice types have significant positive relationships with LMX.H3 LMX mediates the relationship between organizational justice types and OCB in such a way that the impact of organizational justice on OCB will be smaller (partial intermediation) or non-significant (full mediation) in the presence of LMX.SamplingData has been collected from non-supervisory employees, employed in the participating domestic commercial banks. A case containing two survey questionnaires ?one questionnaire (Set A) was to be answered by th e subordinate and another (Set B) to be answered by the supervisor in charge of the subordinate ?was distributed to participating banks. The subordinates were also given questionnaire items measuring organizational justice and LMX. The supervisors were given questionnaire items rating the subordinates OCB and in-role behavior. A total of 350 questionnaires were distributed to 80 branches. A total of 339 completed questionnaires were returned, yielding a reaction rate of 97%.MeasurementCitizenship behaviors of employees were measured by 24-item OCB scale developed by Podsakoff et al. (1990) was utilized to assess five dimensions of OCB.Organizational justice was measured utilise the 20-items adapted from Colquitt (2001).LMX was measured by the scale extracted by previous literature.ResultsTable 1 reports the means, standard deviations, and zero-order correlations for all variables. Using Pearsons correlations it was found that procedural and distributive justice were significantly c orrelated with only one OCB dimension-altruism enchantment Interactional justice and LMX were found to be significantly related to all OCB dimensions.Contrary to expectation, the results from Table 2 in which results are given of linear regression, it was found that only interactional justice has a significant relationship with OCB (altruism and consideration). Thus, hypothesis 1 was only part supported. LMX was then regressed on organizational justice (Table 3). Distributive justice and interactional justice were found to have significant relationships with LMX. Hypothesis 2 was thus partially supported.OCB dimensions were then regressed on LMX. There had to be a significant relationship between the two in order to proceed to the next step of mediation testing. It was evidenced (Table 4) that LMX showed significant relationships with altruism and sportsmanship. Hypothesis 3 was also partially supported.Table 5 shows the results of the tests required for mediated regression analys es. The conditions for mediation were met for altruism but not for sportsmanship and consideration. Hypothesis 4 was thus partially supported. We found that the relationship between interactional justice and OCB which was significant in became insignificant once we include LMX as a mediator. We found that LMX fully mediated the relationship between interactional justice and altruism.ConclusionsResults shows that there is positive relationship between interactional justice and two dimensions of OCB i.e. altruism and consideration which is similar to the denudationings of Moorman (1991). Distributive and procedural dimensions of organizational justice have not been found as a predictor of citizenship behaviors of subordinate. When subordinates pure tone that they feel that there is interaction justice between them and their supervisor, they found to be involved more in citizenship behaviors. The findings also noted that this relationship strengthened when there the role of LMX is in cluded in the model. These results are consistent with social exchange theory where it entails unspecified obligations, did not specify the exact nature of future return for contributions, is based on individuals trusting that the exchange parties will fairly discharge their obligations in the long run, and allows exchange parties reciprocate through discretionary, extrarole acts (Blau, 1964 Konovsky and Pugh, 1994 Moorman, 1991 Niehoff and Moorman, 1993).The study provides some cortical potential for managers that in order to develop the citizenship behaviors among employees, the role of supervisors should not be ignored. Supervisors should be emphasized more so that they may build mutual interest and right(a) dyadic relations with their subordinates. Managers need to always be supportive towards their employees and listen to their concerns and ask for their input on decisions affecting them. Open interactions with the employees will enhance their demand toward their work and wi ll lead them to perform in their work as well as performing OCB. The study provides evidence that interactional justice has sterling(prenominal) impact on OCB through the presence of LMX. This is especially true when the subordinates see their superiors giving them support and encouragement to them at work. In an environment in which relationships are important, superiors emotional support and guidance appeared to assist subordinates in attaining higher levels of performance. In response subordinates are likely to perform some extra role beyond to their job in order to return other employees and organization.The study reported here is not without its limitations. The results pertaining to organizational justice and OCB may be susceptible to harsh method variance. The study conducted was also cross-sectional, which does not allow for an assessment of causality. Thus our results are mute where issues of causality are concerned.Critical ReviewAs discussed earlier, the have article a ddresses one of the theories of leadership and organizational behavior. Earlier studies have been investigated the relationship of organizational justice and citizenship behaviors directly and through different moderating variables. Recently a study conducted by Karriker and Williams (2009) found the relationship between organizational justice and OCBO through OMX as mediating variable and the relationship between organizational justice and OCBS through LMX as mediating variable. Another justification of featured study is review of OCB literature by Podaskoff et al (2000) that suggests cultural influences on OCB as a future research agenda. Exploratory findings of Organ and Ryan (1995) also suggested that OCB may be evaluated and interpreted differently in different cultures/nations. They identify individualism/collectivism and power distance as potentional source of variation in research findings obtained in US context. For example they suggest initiative in workplace may be differ ent in high power distance countries as employees may limit themselves to what they are told. They also mentioned the possible impact of cultural differences on measurement of OCB (Organ and Ryan, 1995).Organization justice and OCBs have received ample attentions by the researchers as it is found to be positively linked with individual and organizational productivity. Vital role of organizational justice in creating citizenship behaviors has been emphasized by researchers in different aspects (Farh et al., 1990 Konovsky and Pugh, 1994 Moorman, 1991 Moorman et al, 1993 Niehoff and Moorman, 1993). Employees perception regarding fairness of outcomes and procedures has been considered as a major motivational basis for developing citizenship behaviors among employees (Organ, 1990).A study conducted by Moorman et, al., (1998) found that there is positive relationship between procedural justice and perceived organizational support and between perceived organizational support and three of t he five organizational citizenship behavior dimensions. However, by including the effects of POS as a mediating variable, we found stronger support for a fully mediated model of the effects of procedural justice on OCB. Findings of this study provided support to earlier studies by Organ and Ryan, (1995) which revealed that fairness at workplace play major role in creating citizenship behaviors among employees.Researchers have also been attempting to examine the relationship between organizational justice and OCB through mediating variables. In this respect, Konovsky and Pugh (1994) analyzed the mediating role of trust between justice and performance relationships using the supervisor as proxy for the organization, rather than directly addressing the individuals level of trust in the organization itself. The study examined the mediating role of trust in supervisor between the relationship of procedural justice and OCB and found full support for this relationship.Extending this framew ork, Aryee et al. (2002) investigated the mediating role of trust in the supervisor and trust in the organization and found support for mediating role of trust in the organization between organizational justice (distributive, procedural and interactional) with job satisfaction, turnover intent and organizational commitment while trust in supervisor found to have mediating relationship between interactional justice only with OCBO and OCBS. Moorman and Niehoff (1998) conducted a study to measure the relationship of procedural justice with OCBs through mediating role of perceived organizational support (POS) and found that POS fully mediate between the relationship of organizational justice and OCBs. Masterson et al (2000) found support for the mediating role of POS in the relationship of organizational justice and OCBO.Karriker, JH and ML Williams, (2009) conducted a study to find the relationship of organizational justice on OCBS (citizenship behaviors that benefit to supervisors) an d OCBO (citizenship behaviors that benefit to the organization) and found full support between system-referenced justice outcomes and OCBO and mixed support for agent-referenced justice perception and OCBS. Specifically, system-referenced distributive and procedural justice were not found to have significant impact on OCBO, yet agent-referenced distributive justice had a significant direct relationship with OCBS, and agent-referenced distributive and procedural justice had significant indirect relationships with OCBS. In addition, interpersonal justice found to have direct impact on OCBO. Here, in this study the relations of interpersonal justice only have been measured with OCB rather than full model of interactional justice including interpersonal and informational justice perceptions. Impact of system-referenced distributive and procedural justice was not supported in this study while one dimension of interactional justice i.e. interpersonal justice was found to have direct relat ionship with OCBO.Trust between employees and their supervisors is found to be strong predictor of OCB in the context of work environment. Leadership behaviors and level of OCBs have also been under the discussion of researchers in the area of social sciences. In this regard, Pdosakeff et. al, (1998) examined the aggregate effects of the set of transformational leader behaviors on OCBs noted found the indirect relationship between leader behaviors and OCBs. The study suggests that to find the support between leader behaviors and OCBs, organizational trust and employees satisfaction have to be included in the model as transformational leader behaviors impact both trust and employees performance while on the other hand only trust is significantly related to the OCBs. In contrast, transactional leader behavior on OCBs found to be positively related to two dimensions i.e. altruism and sportsmanship while no effect has been found between transactional leader behavior and other three dime nsions of OCB. Masterson et al. (2000) explored that high-quality LMX relationships lead employees to engage in behaviors that are directly related to their supervisors, such as in-role behavior and organizational citizenship behaviors. They found that LMX mediated the relationships between interactional justice and both job satisfaction and supervisor-focused citizenship behaviors, OCBS.Extending the research on the said area, the authors attempted to shed light on organizational justice and OCB directly and through the mediating role of LMX. Findings of the study opened some new avenue for social sciences researchers. Karriker and Williams (2009) investigated the relationship of organizational justice with OCBO through the mediating variable of organization-member exchange (OMX) and relationship of organizational justice with OCBS with the mediating role of LMX. The authors applied the model with some valuable changes in Malaysian culture and provide useful insight for managers to improve the level of OCBs. Over all the study is very well organized, address an unattended area but the study seems to be failed to discuss the literature on organizational justice due to which subscriber may face difficulties to build logical connection between organizational justice and OCB. Further the study could not properly differentiate between the dimensions of OCBs that benefit to the individual and that benefit to organization.The author made good attempt to collect the data from respondents and their supervisors but the problem in this scenario that there may some intergroup participation that may bias the result. To improve the accuracy regarding OCB data, peer review should also be incorporated in the data. As for as statistical tools are concerned, Zero-order Correlations, bilinear and Mediating Regression test have been applied to analyze the data. The data should also be analyzed through Structure Equation Model (SEM) that is commonly used for the model where me diating and moderating variables are included in the model.

Friedrich Nietzsche Essay example -- essays research papers

Friedrich NietzscheSome call Friedrich Nietzsche the father of the Nazi party. WasNietzsches ideas twisted and warped by a needy country? Nietzsche himselfdespised the position and lower class people. Was it Nietzsches Will to Powertheory that spawned one of the greatest patriotic movements of the twentiethcentury? These are some of the questions I had when first researchingFriedrich Nietzsche for the future(a) paper.Friedrich Nietzsche, at one time called "the arch enemy ofChristianity"(Bentley, p.82), was born into a line of Protestant Clergyman onOctober 15, 1844. During Nietzsches early years, he gave no feature that hewould not follow in his families clergy tradition. As a boy, Nietzscheconsidered himself a devout Lutheran. At age six(two years after his fatherpassed away)Nietzsche, his mother and infant moved to the small t have got of Naumburg.When Nietzsche was twelve he wrote I saw God in all his glory(Bentley, p.82).Later his description of his own psychical s tate was one of Gottergebenheit surrender to God(Bentley, p.82). At a very early age Nietzsche had alreadydisplayed an aptitude for highly intellectual prowess. At fourteen, Nietzsche remaining his home of Naumburg and went to an exclusive boarding school at the nearbySchulpforta Academy. The school was famous for its grandeur of alumni thatincluded Klopstock and Fichte(Brett-Evans, p.76). It was here thatNietzsche received the thorough education in Greek and Latin that set him uponthe road to classical philology.(Brett-Evans, p. 76) On many occasionsNietzsches zeal to prove himself at the Pforta school spurned legendary tales. unrivalled certain tale is when Nietzsche could not bear to hear of the courage ofMucius Scaevol, who did not flinch when his hand was burnt off, without seizinga box of matches and firing them against his own hand.(Bentley, p.84) At theage of twenty, Nietzsche left to attend Bonn University. By this time Nietzschehad come to think of himself as an aristocrat whose great virtues arefearlessness and willingness to assume leadership.(Bentley, p.85) Ironically,Nietzsche intend to study theology(to please his mother). At this timeNietzsche no longer believed in Christianity, because with maturity he lost hisheavenly father(Bentley, p.86). In 1868 Nietzsche was a scholarly person in Leipzig.This is when he met Cosima and Richard Wagner. The... ...world domination is only possible by ignoring thegreater part of what he wrote.(Brett-Evans, p.81) Matter-of-factly, Nietzschesternly despised anti-Semites. At certain times, there was not a harshercritic of racist German nationlism. But some questions arise out of thesestatements. What of the comments Nietzsche made concerning the will-to-powertheory, the constant reference to the superman, and his sometimes vigorouspatriotism? One of the most significant contributions Nietzsche made was inthe area of psychology not philosophy. One of the most significantconclusions he came to in this field was that traditionalistic morality consists ofdifferent expressions for the same thing, that "good" actions and "bad" actionscan ultimately derive from the same motive.(Brett-Evans, p.80) In truth Ibelieve that Friedrich Nietzsche was a ethereal who was never able to replacehis earthly Father or his heavenly Father. This led to his strange emotionalrelationship with women. His only friends were those women who he had failedrelationships with and men who he quarreled with. In the end, Nietzsche died ofsyphilis that was allegedly contracted while in college.

Hemingways The Handle: Death and Deliverance :: essays research papers

The labyrinthine structure of what is perhaps Hemingways least-anthologized novella, "The Handle," belies its peremptory dismissal by many critics as a hastily written jumble of vacuous dialogue wrapped around a poorly-contrived plot. "The Handle," a posthumously published novella that Hemingway penned in the frustrated years following his Nobel prize in literature for "The Old Man and the Sea," is the story of a farmer, set in a sleepy fictional province of rural Ohio, whose yearnings for a more transitory lifestyle are offset by a feeling of obligation to the land and the menage and the profession of his father, his grandfather, and great-grandfather before him.Although the fields of Joseph Mallort are now little more than barren clumps of rock, tilled for generations until, as Hemingway writes, "the ground finally refused to yield," the farmer continues to plow his dusty, heat-cracked fields, hoping against confide to eek what little sustenance th ey might still provide. Although one may be tempted to draw the conclusion that Hemingways barren fields are little more than a thinly-veiled expression of rising self-doubt about the authors own creative abilities that becomes prevalent in Hemingways later years, to dismiss the story as nothing more than a straightforeward allegory is to do an injustice to its more intriguing thematic elements.Joeseph Mallort is a widower, living alone in the creaky old farmhouse of his father, who awakens in the predawn hours to milk the cows and get the plowing underway before the murderous sun beats down on him. By most afternoons he has succumbed to something that might be diagnosed as mild heat-stroke today, and wanders the fields aimless and slightly confused, murmuring one-sided conversations with his deceased wife, father, gandfather, and the original settler of the farm. Although the dialogue of "The Handle," represents a tenuous structural departure in that all of the secondary c haracters are either dead ghosts or mild halucinations, it is still chock full of the brisk versimilitude rendered in simple prose that is the hallmark of Heminways finest passages. later a blight of cow-fever leaves Joseph without the chores of milking and feeding, he digs a mass grave for the cows and buries them under a mound of earth. Several days later, hes walking the allowance of his fields, mending the barbed-wire fence, when the ghost of his grandfather begins to taunt him for wasting his time on the fence when all the cows are dead.

Jurassic Park :: essays research papers

Jurassic Park is a book about the cloning of dinosaurs and they are used as the commonalty entertainment on an island. In this park where dinosaurs are the attraction, not every thing give go as planed. Reading this book willing teach someone how Michael Crichton feels about biological erudition and the cloning of extinct animals. There are things that stird the park to be unsuccessful. Dr. Malcom and Dennis Nedry where two of the parks problems, and the other was the nature of the animals.     Dr. Malcom uses the chaos theory to predict the collapse of the park. In the beginning of the book Malcom is introduced to the story. One of the first things Dr. Malcom talks about is the chaos theory. In the first conversation with him in the book Malcom said "Theory tells me that the island will quickly proceed to behave in unpredictable fashion"(Crichton 76). What Malcom means by this is that without even visiting the park he can say that it will fail. Dr. Malcom is a problem in the story because convinces other people that Jurassic Park is a bad idea.     Dennis Nedry is the computer expert at Jurassic Park. He deals with all the problems in the parks computer system. Nedry works in the control room with Arnold. Arnold didnt care much for Nedry when he said "That idiot Nedry glum off the security systems"(Crichton 177). Arnold said this after Dennis Nedry had put a bug in the computer system that shut almost every thing experience in Jurassic Park. Nedry is a problem because he has full control of the park from his desk. He being a computer expert can cause any computer system problem he wants.     Nature is the biggest problem Jurassic Park has at becoming successful. As stated by Dr. Malcom in the book, he said "Life will find a way"(Crichton ). He meant that the dinosaurs will find a way to live the way they want. This is something that scientists didnt think about when the y brought dinosaurs back to life.

How did you explore victim and violence? :: Drama

How did you explore victim and violence?As an assessed drama piece based on Domestic Violence, the separate Iwas in explored victim and violence by using a number of explorativestrategies and drama mediums. In the play, we explored the feeling ofbeing a victim of violence and how a victim of violence becomes aviolator. The play that we performed was based on dickens key words fromthe song, female genital organ the Wall by Tracy Chapman. The two words arevictim and violence. The plays main theme is irony.The play revolves around two characters that used to attend schooltogether. One of the characters, Catherine vie by Bronwyn, had a beginning status at school and was always bullied. The other character,Kevin played by Sean, was a bully and therefore had a high status.However, as time passes Kevin becomes a low status character andCatherine evolves into a high status character. This results in thebullied person now being the bully and ane day meeting the characterwho bullied h er through childhood. There is also a waiter played byOliver, and a waitress - played by Joelle.The starting line scene was set in a modern day, British caf. To make theaudience aware of the setting, a still image was used as the fountof the play. The still image consisted of 2 chairs facing distributively other,one down re-create left and one up stage right. In front of each chair wasa main character. The high status character, Catherine, was placed infront of the chair down stage left. Catherine stood in a slouchy strength and her hair a mess. This gave the audience a clue thatCatherine was of a higher status. The low status character, Kevin, wasplaced in front of the chair up stage right. Kevin stood with his headpositioned towards the floor. The reason the low status character wasplaced backstage was to give the audience a hint of the characterssocial status. This is because a stereotypical low status person ismore likely to blend into the background of a caf than sit near thefront window to be viewed by passing pedestrians. Behind each chair,facing down stage, was a waiter/waitress. The movements of the waiterand waitress were performed synchronistical. This means that they bothwalked to the table at the same time and both intercommunicate at the same time.This was used to show that the waiter and waitress were of equalstatus and relevantly insignificant in the play.The two characters of the play are bring to pass contrasts.