Free Essays on Birches

"shattering and avalanching" (11) give the feeling of disaster and perhaps fear or sorrow. A disturbance on earth is suggested by the "heaps of broken glass" (12) that make it seem as if "the inner dome of heaven had fallen" (13). Frost also lends sound to his description of the branches as â€Å"they click upon themselves As the breeze rises† (7-8). This may be a spin on the idea that problems and experiences "click" off of people, however, the click is not a snap implying that problems do not break people. Frost further explains the bra... Free Essays on Birches Free Essays on Birches Explication of â€Å"Birches† by Robert Frost According to the speaker and author Robert Frost, enduring life’s challenges can be easier by finding a balance between imagination and real life. The tone of the poem is nostalgic. The poem is divided into four parts: an introduction, an analysis of the bending of birch trees, an imaginative untrue analysis of the farm boy swinging on birches, and a wish Frost makes, wanting to return to his childhood. All of these sections have underlying philosophical meanings. Personification, alliteration, metaphor, and other sound devices support these meanings and themes. â€Å"Birches† exibits no rhythm sceme or specific line length which suggests it is free verse. In the first section of the poem, Frost explains the appearance of the birches. Frost wants to believe that the branches of the birches bend and sway because of a boy swinging on them. However, Frost suggests that repeated ice storms are what bend the branches. Frost compares the breaking away of the ice from the trees to the â€Å"dome of heaven† shattering (Line 13). This could be a metaphor for life using imagery. The ice can symbolize difficult times that come in life, while the ice breaking away may represent renewed hope for the future. Initially, the forest scene describes, "crystal shells Shattering and avalanching on the snow crust Such heaps of broken glass to sweep away" (10-12). The words "shattering and avalanching" (11) give the feeling of disaster and perhaps fear or sorrow. A disturbance on earth is suggested by the "heaps of broken glass" (12) that make it seem as if "the inner dome of heaven had fallen" (13). Frost also lends sound to his description of the b ranches as â€Å"they click upon themselves As the breeze rises† (7-8). This may be a spin on the idea that problems and experiences "click" off of people, however, the click is not a snap implying that problems do not break people. Frost further explains the bra...

Spiny Lobster (Rock Lobster) Facts

Spiny Lobster (Rock Lobster) Facts A spiny lobster is any lobster in the family Palinuridae, which includes at least 60 species. These species are grouped into 12 genera, which include Palinurus, Panulirus, Linuparus, and Nupalirus (word play on the family name). There are numerous names for the spiny lobster. Commonly-used names include the rock lobster, langouste, or langusta. It is also sometimes called a crayfish or crawfish, even though these terms also refer to a separate freshwater animal. Fast Facts: Spiny Lobster Scientific Name: Family Palinuridae (e.g. Panulirus interruptus)Other Names: Rock lobster, langouste, langusta, sea crayfish, furry lobsterDistinguishing Features: Shaped like a true lobster, but has long, spiny antennae and lacks large clawsAverage Size: 60 cm (24 in)Diet: OmnivorousLife Span: 50 years or moreHabitat: Tropical oceans worldwideConservation Status: Depends on speciesKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ArthropodaSubphylum: CrustaceaClass: MalacostracaOrder: DecapodaFun Fact: Spiny lobsters make a rasping sound using friction at the base of their antennae. Description The spiny lobster resembles a true lobster in its shape and hard exoskeleton, but the two types of crustacean arent closely related. Unlike true lobsters, spiny lobsters have extremely long, thick, spiny antennae. They also lack large claws or chelae, although mature female spiny lobsters have a small claw on their fifth pair of walking legs. The average size of a mature spiny lobster depends on its species, but they may exceed 60 centimeters or 2 feet in length. Specimens of many spiny lobster species are red or brown, but some spiny lobsters have mottled patterns and display vivid colors. Some species of spiny lobster are colorful. DigiPub / Getty Images Distribution Spiny lobsters live in tropical oceans worldwide. However, they are most commonly found in the Caribbean and Mediterranean, in coastal waters off Southeast Asia and Australia, and off the coast of South Africa. Behavior The spiny lobster spends most of its time hidden within a rocky crevice or reef, exiting at night to feed and migrate. During migration, groups of up to 50 spin lobsters move in single file, keeping contact with each other with their antennae. They navigate using scent and taste, as well as through their ability to detect the Earths magnetic field. Reproduction and Life Cycle Spiny lobsters reach sexual maturity when they reach the necessary size, which depends on water temperature and food availability. The average age of maturity is between 5 and 9 years for females and 3 and 6 years for males. During mating, males transfer spermatophores directly into the females sternum. The female spiny lobster carries 120,000 to 680,000 fertilized eggs on her pleopods for around 10 weeks until they hatch. Juvenile painted spiny lobster. Hal Beral / Getty Images Spiny lobster larvae are zooplankton that do not resemble adults. The larvae feed on plankton and go through several molts and larval stages. In the case of the California spiny lobster, 10 molts and larval stages take place between hatching and reaching the juvenile form. Juveniles sink to the bottom of the ocean, where they eat small crabs, amphipods, and isopods until they are big enough to take larger prey. It is difficult to gauge the age of a spiny lobster because it gains a new exoskeleton each time it molts, but the animals lifespan is believed to be 50 years or more. Diet and Predators Spiny lobsters are omnivorous, eating live prey, decaying matter, and plants. During the day, they stay hidden in crevices, but at night they may venture from crevices to hunt. Typical prey include sea urchins, snails, crabs, sea hares, mussels, and clams. Spiny lobsters have not been observed eating other members of their own species. The crustaceans navigate and hunt using senses of smell and taste. Humans are the spiny lobsters most significant predator, as the animals are fished for meat. The spiny lobsters natural predators include sea otters, octopuses, sharks, and bony fishes. Sound When threatened by a predator, the spiny lobster flexes its tail to escape backwards and emits a loud rasping sound. The sound is produced using a stick-slip method, like a violin. The sound emanates when the base of the antennae rubs across a file on the antennal plate. Interestingly, the spiny lobster can make this sound even after it molts and its shell is soft. While some insects (e.g. grasshoppers and crickets) produce sounds in a similar fashion, the spiny lobsters specific method is unique. Conservation Status For most spiny lobster species, there is is insufficient data for conservation status classification. Of the species listed on the IUCN Red List, most are categorized as least concern. However, the common spiny lobster (Palinurus elephas) is vulnerable with a decreasing population. The Cape Verde spiny lobster (Palinurus charlestoni) is near threatened. The most significant threat to spiny lobsters is over-exploitation by fisheries. Climate change and single catastrophic events also threaten some species, particularly if they live within a restricted range. Sources Hayward, P. J. and J. S. Ryland (1996). Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 430. ISBN 0-19-854055-8.Lipcius, R. N. and D. B. Eggleston (2000). Introduction: Ecology and fishery biology of spiny lobsters. In Bruce F. Phillips J. Kittaka. Spiny Lobsters: Fisheries and Culture (2nd ed.). John Wiley Sons. pp. 1–42. ISBN 978-0-85238-264-6.Patek, S. N. and J. E. Baio (2007). The acoustic mechanics of stick-slip friction in the California spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus). Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (20): 3538–3546. doi:10.1242/jeb.009084Sims, Harold W. Jr. (1965). Lets call the spiny lobster spiny lobster. Crustaceana. 8 (1): 109–110. doi:10.1163/156854065X00613

Research the development of endoxaban as well as the target and Essay

Research the development of endoxaban as well as the target and mechanism of action. Illustrate aspects of the discovery and development process that are relevant to endoxaban - Essay Example , however jus most recently in the January of 2015.1 In the USA, the drug has been approved both for the prevention of the systematic formation of blood clot in the non–central-nervous-system, as well as for the prevention of stroke1. The drug is currently approved for medical use in the treatment of the thrombosis of deep veins, as well as in the treatment of pulmonary embolism, after a period of 5 to 10 days therapy involving the application of a parenteral-based coagulant.3 The development of the Endoxaban oral drug started several years ago, but the first official request for investigation and approval by the Daiichi Sankyo company was made to the Ministry of Health in Japan in 6 April 2010.2 The investigation of the drug commenced and the approval of its commercial production and sale was approved in Japan by the Ministry of Health on 22 April 2011, making the drug a fully approved medication for the prevention of venous thromboembolisms (VTE).4 At the international level, the drug has undergone successful investigations, with the first clinical investigation being initiated towards the end of 2009, where a clinical study was undertaken usinig 21,000 patients in the USA, Europe and Japan.3 The second clinical trial was subsequently undertaken in Japan, followed by the third clinical investigations, all of which have demonstrated the efficacy and safety profile of oral Endoxaban when comparable to that of warfarin, which is the most common used antico agulant in the USA.4 The first clinical investigations of the drug, since the drug was first subjected to clinical investigations in 2009, has indicated that the drug has the acceptable profile of both safety and efficacy of use for medication.5 The second and the third phases of the clinical investigations have affirmed the safety and efficacy profiles of the oral Endoxaban, resulting in its approval for the medical use in the prevention of both venous clotting and stroke. Despite the fact that the Endoxaban

Engineers create artefacts and processes through design Essay - 1

Engineers create artefacts and processes through design - Essay Example From the definition, artifacts are designed systems or objects, with inclusion of all the results of the process The design process is a sequence of linear events that start at one point and end at one point. An engineer uses design process steps to identify a problem, create or formulate models that will solve or give a solution to the problem, and in a manner meet the need of the situation. Design process, it is normal for the engineer to jump back and forth the design steps in a process called iteration. In design models, decision making is the key to construction of processes and paths (CK-12 Foundation, 2010). During this phase a lot of basic mathematical, scientific, and engineering science theories and concepts are applied to convert optimally available resources to meet a stated objective (Philip G. Kosky, 2012). In engineering, to come up with a stable process, one has to pass through these fundamental elements; establish the criteria and objectives, synthesize and analyze the concepts available, construct models, and lastly evaluate and test the process. Engineers formulate and create engineering artifacts through the complete and integrated multi-step processes (Pahl, 2007). These steps include field research, idea conceptualization, a feasibility study and assessment, establishing design requirements, perform preliminary design, create a detailed design, production tool and planning design, then finally the artifact or product (Yousef Haik, 2010). Engineering design therefore is the gradual refinement of requirements and specification. This also can be defined as creative, and systematic application of mathematical and scientific principles to practical ends such as manufacture, design itself, operation of economical and efficient processes, structures, systems, and machines. The whole idea brings out the fact that engineering

The Importance of Character Essay Example for Free

The Importance of Character Essay According to Booker T. Washington, American educator and civil rights activist (1856-1915) â€Å"Character, not circumstance, makes the person† – it is the things you choose to do that shape your personality and develop good character. Your character is the deciding factor of what you choose to do in any circumstance. Character is built throughout a person’s lifetime and often what you learn as a teenager is what is used to lay the foundation of your adult self. Self-control builds character. As human beings, each of us has desires – some of them innocent; others morally wrong. Humans are the only animals who are actually able to make individual choices. Making the right choice is a feature of self-control. You may not always get what you want when you want it but the presence of self-control means you are able to wait patiently. Citizenship is a way for a person to give back to their community. It is important not only for the good of the community, but for the good of the individual. It teaches cooperation and selflessness in that giving back to those who support you is a way to build your own character. Patriotism goes hand in hand with citizenship except that it involves not only the good of the community, but of the nation that we are fortunate enough to live in. The nation must be protected so that the rights of its people are also protected. Being involved with the community and the nation is a great way to keep a teenager involved in worthwhile activities. Honesty is a trait found in those of strong character. At times it is hard to be honest but the development of character means doing the right thing, no matter the cost or pain to yourself. To fully enjoy relationships with others, you must care enough about them to promise nothing less than honesty. Lying is easy; facing the truth and stating it without fear is often the harder, less traveled road to take. The concept of fairness means that you need to treat all people as equals. Give others the benefit of the doubt and assume they are being honest. It shows your own good character to treat others the same as you expect to be treated. Courage is a component of all the aspects of a person’s character. Only with courage can you speak the truth, do what is morally right and live up to your own high expectations of the type of person you should be. There is no one thing that makes a person’s character. Strong character is a mixed bag of admirable traits, any of which can be pulled up and relied upon when necessary. It is character that will see a person through the toughest of times knowing that he is able to rely on his own self-control, honesty, courage and sense of fairness to do what is right, not only for himself but in service of his community, and nation.

H.r. Gieger :: essays research papers

	H.R. Giger was born on February 5, 1940, in Chur, Switzerland. He was raised in a middle class environment, and his dad was a pharmacist. His dad recieved a human skull as a promotional peice from a pharmacy institution when he was very young, and this sparked H.R. Gigers interest in the strange and macabre. His mother encouraged his artistic ability, though she often failed to understand his strange fascinations. In 1953 he attends the cantonal school in Chur (a technical school), and in 1957 attends the Institute Haute Rampe, Lausanne. In 1958 he goes to Alpina College, Davos, and then in 1959 he becomes an apprentice to architect Venatius Maisen, Chur, and the developer Hans Stetter Chur. Later that year he joined the Military College in Winterthur - as a mortar firer with light mobilized troops. And finally in 1962 he attends the School of Applied Arts, Zurich, in the department of Interior and Industrial Design. 	As Giger went through college, he produced many drawings, with ink and other mediums like glue and chalk, and ink paintings with such a large amount of ink that a razor was used to scrape out the details. Underground magazines and the occassional reputational art magazines published many of his work, and eventually one of Giger's freinds helped him create posters. He even had a 10 minute interview done on him by a freind who was a movie director. Soon, Giger began getting work on movies, in creating the monsters and sometimes environments. His residences for the most part were all in condemned buildings, using the wide space for art studios. Giger also began using the airbrush, and has become known as the best aircrush artist in the world. 	After college Giger's interest expanded into sculpturing and he became a master of a very broad amount of mediums. His work uses dark tones, usually black, grey, dark greens, and sometimes dark blues. Light is usually only used in his work to accent the darker tones to the peice. He developed the "biomechanicle" style, where it seems to mix the feel of something living and organic with the technicality of a machine. As a result, his peices are always eerie and often disturbing. His style would be best described as surrealism. 	His two most interesting movie exploits were the series of movies "Aliens", and "Species". One of his sculptures was found by Ridly Scott, Director of Alien, and he decided it was the perfect model for the creature in the movie.

Acquisition Payment Cycle

Acquisition and Payment Cycle According to Arens, Elder and Beasley (2006), â€Å"is considered as the third major transaction cycle. † The three major transactions in the acquisition and payment cycle include: 1. Acquisition of goods and services 2. Cash Disbursements 3. Purchase returns and allowances and purchase discounts Components such as, acquisition of raw materials, equipment, supplies, utilities, repairs and maintenance, and research and development plays a major role in the acquisition and payment cycle.The major accounts that are associated with the acquisition and payment cycle are, accounts payable, inventory, and expenses. The methodology for designing tests for phase 1 – 3 of the process includes; identification of client risks affecting other accounts, setting tolerable misstatements, assessing inherent risk for accounts, and assessing control risks for accounts. Business functions included in the acquisition and payment cycle includes: processing purch ase orders, receiving goods and services, recognizing the liability, and processing and recording cash disbursements.The incorporation of e-commerce affects the acquisition and payment cycle in many ways. Information about the products and services that Apollo Shoes offers is readily accessible on the internet. This could be a hindrance for Apollo Shoes, since the company competitors can mimic the company’s products and services. For communication purposes, Apollo Shoes use the company’s intranet to communicate information securely. This action prevents a potential leak of information to the public and competitors. Below is a detailed illustration of the audit of the acquisition and payment cycle for Apollo Shoes.TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE| KEY INTERNAL CONTROL| COMMON TEST OF CONTROL| COMMON SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF TRANSACTIONS| | | | | 1. Recorded acquisitions are for goods and services received, consistent with the best interests of the client. | | | | 2. | Pu rchase requisition, purchase order, receiving report, and vendor’s invoice are attached to the voucher. Acquisitions are approved at the proper level. Computer accepts entry of purchases only from authorized vendors in the vendor master file. Documents are cancelled to prevent their reuse.Vendor’s invoices, receiving reports, purchase orders, and purchase requisitions are internally verified. | Examine documents in voucher package for existence. Examine indication of approval. Attempt to input transactions with valid and invalid vendors. Examine indication of cancellation. Examine indication of internal verification. | Review the acquisitions journal, general ledger, and accounts payable master file for large or unusual accounts. Examine underlying documents for reasonableness and authenticity. Examine vendor master file for unusual vendors.Trace inventory acquisitions to inventory master file. Examine fixed assets acquired. | TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE| KEY I NTERNAL CONTROL| COMMON TEST OF CONTROL| COMMON SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF TRANSACTIONS| | | | | 3. Existing acquisition transactions are recorded. | | | | 4. | Purchase orders are prenumbered and accounted for. Receiving reports are prenumbered and accounted for. Vouchers are prenumbered and accounted for. | Account for a sequence of purchase orders. Account for a sequence of receiving reports. Account for a sequence of vouchers. Trace from a file of receiving reports to the acquisitions journal. Trace from a file of vendors’ invoices to the acquisitions journal. | 5. Recorded acquisition transactions are accurate. | Calculations and amounts are internally verified. Batch totals are compared with computer summary reports. Acquisitions are approved for prices and discounts. | Examine indication of internal verification. Examine file of batch totals for initials of data control clerk; compare totals to summary reports. Examine indication of approval. Compare recorded transactions in the acquisitions journal with the vendor’s invoice, receiving report, and other supporting documentation. Re-compute the clerical accuracy on the vendor’s invoice, including discounts and freight. | TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE| KEY INTERNAL CONTROL| COMMON TEST OF CONTROL| COMMON SUBSTANTIVE TESTS OF TRANSACTIONS| | | | | 6. Acquisition transactions are properly classified. | | | | 7. | An adequate chart of accounts is used. Account classifications are internally verified. | Examine procedures manual and chart of accounts.Examine indication of internal verification. | Compare classification with chart of accounts by referring to vendor’s invoices. | 8. Acquisition transactions are recorded on the correct dates. | Procedures require recording transactions as soon as possible after the goods and services have been verified. Dates are internally verified. | Examine procedures manual and observe whether unrecorded vendor’s invoices exist. Examine ind ication of internal verification. | Compare dates of receiving reports and vendor’s invoices with dates in the acquisitions journal. 9. Acquisition transactions are properly included in the accounts payable and inventory master files and are properly summarized. | Accounts payable master file contents are internally verified. Accounts payable master file or trial balance totals are compared with general ledger balances. | Examine indication of internal verification. Examine initials on general ledger accounts indicating comparison. | Test clerical accuracy by footing the journals and tracing postings to general ledger and accounts payable and inventory master files. | Results of the AuditOf the preliminary audit of Apollo Shoes acquisition and payment cycle a sample size of 120 invoices were selected. There were missing invoices related to the sample size. The invoices were properly posted to the general ledger sales and accounts receivable control accounts. Each invoice was posted to the appropriate account, no discrepancy was found. The invoices not listed to the proper accounts demonstrated no deviations to other documents, re-calculations, or comparisons. The expected credit approval notation, â€Å"No credit approval,† was not found in the related documents.When a notation of the, â€Å"Wrong quantity billed,† was posted, a description of the explanation followed. In addition, the notation of, â€Å"CM,† meant the customer contacted Apollo Shoes stating an error and credit memo was issued on the following date. This notation caused all credit memos to generate a debit to a sales return account followed by a credit to accounts receivable. In regards to the other documentation, there were no additional discrepancies to alert management regarding the acquisition and payment cycle. All findings of the 120 sample size were warranted.

One Acre Fund

ONE ACRE FUND: CASE STUDY The scene is Bungoma, Kenya; Moises Postigo is a buyer interested in purchasing fertilizer on a large scale for his not-for-profit organization the One Acre Fund (OAF). OAF’s mission is to provide fertilizer to farmers â€Å"who have nothing† on a credit like system and when the farmers produce their crops a percentage of their supplus would be returned to OAF. Eventually the farmers would no longer need a â€Å"free hand out† and will be able to support themselves and their families without putting further strain on the government and the economy.When first looking at Kenya, Postigo had five different suppliers that all met certain criteria he had for doing business. He narrowed down the suppliers by contacting them and asking them for a RFQ. He then, with his knowledge of the market and his product as well as coming to the table prepared, negotiated the fertilizer to an acceptable price that could be offered to farmers enrolled in the OAF program. 1. Fertilizer is a commodity – why did Postigo spend so much time developing a relationship? Shouldn’t he have just set up an auction?Postigo did his homework and understood that developing and building relationships is a very important dimension in the Kenyan culture. â€Å"Kenyan culture’s emphasis on relationships and hierarchy stems from the importance of family. Kenya is a place where you need to get to know people†¦in a room with twenty-five people, you need to shake everyone’s hand† (Negotiating, pg 3). Postigo realized that most of his potential suppliers we located in Kenya. He also knew that if he could make a deal with a vendor in Kenya then the transportation costs would be much lower, thus creating a little more wiggle room for his BATNA.Postigo grasped the importance of building relationships from a different, more strategic purpose. OAF’s short-term plan incorporated rapid growth with regards to the small fam ily farms, which required rapid growth in their requested quantity of DAP. Postigo recognized that in building a relationship he was really opening up their opportunities for the future. If he could guarantee larger batch orders in the future, then he might be able to use that leverage to talk the supplier into lowering the current price.Postigo knew that establishing his desire for a strong relationship would pay off in multiple ways, both satisfying the cultural status quo while also putting a strategic plan into place to realize cost savings in the future. 2. What was Postigo’s BATNA to reaching a negotiated agreement with Dehvi Medji and Sons? During the negotiations for fertilizer, Postigo was concerned with three major issues: delivery date, price, and the ability for growth into the future. Keeping these things in mind, it seems that the best alternative to a negotiated agreement would have come from the current market prices of fertilizer in the area.If he was not abl e to come to an agreement with any of the suppliers and negotiate a better contract for OAF, then Postigo would simply buy the fertilizer at regular market prices. According to the research, in Nakuru, where both the cost of fertilizer and the cost of transportation were taken into consideration, a 50kg bag could be purchased for 4,000 Ksh (Negotiating, pg 6). This cost of 4,000 Ksh would have been the BATNA for Postigo’s negotiations; However, the BATNA could also have been found in one of the other vendors that were being looked into.If these other vendors had offered him a reliable price then that value could have been seen as Postigo’s BATNA. 3. Should Postigo have spent the time and money to meet face-to-face with all five potential vendors for the purpose of telling them about One Acre Fund, rather than sending them an e-mail? Working for a not-for-profit organization, Postigo understood that he needed to save money wherever possible. Meeting with the vendors in person might have had a larger effect on empathy throughout the negotiation. He might have been able use that to his advantage, but in the end, the benefit would not have outweighed the cost.Postigo contacted five vendors, four of which came back with bids. The first scenario where the cost outweighed the benefit: had he traveled to the fifth vendor, it would have been a complete waste of time and money. Secondly, as soon as Postigo informed the potential vendors of their expected delivery date, a second vendor dropped out of the running, stating that they would not be able to make the delivery date. By sacrificing the face-to-face meetings, Postigo saved a large amount of time and money while still attracting 3 potential vendors; eventually leading to a deal that, from his standpoint, was very successful. . Followup question: Did Postigo pay particular attention to the other party’s needs in the phone calls with Dehiv Medji? Postigo did a very good job of paying attention to Dehiv Medji’s needs throughout the negotiations. They spoke about the affect the Kenyan government might have on both parties, understanding the government subsidies could cripple both parties. He brought up Medji’s opportunity to grow and wanted to be involved in their growth, â€Å"he asked about growth prospects†¦indicated that the two organizations might grow together† (Negotiating, pg 7).Postigo negotiated in a fair and cooperative manner, providing flexibility on delivery dates and transportation costs. â€Å"One of the biggest appeals of Dehvi Medji to OAF was its willingness to fix a price in November for a January delivery† (Negotiating, pg 7). Postigo was very aware of the other party’s needs and acted accordingly. He felt obliged to make the negotiation a win-win scenario and when all was said and done, he did just that. 4. What do you think about Pastigo’s sharing information with Dehvi Medji about OAF’s strategy for the future?Was this a good thing to do? Is this a good way to develop a relationship? In the situation that Pastigo was in an open discussion about the long term goals of the not for profit OAF was a valid opening strategy. It gives Pastigo a fair amount of leverage epically since OAF is planning to have a large amount of growth in the near future, that information alone allows Pastigo to negotiate much harder for present prices with the perceived promise of future growth. It is also a valid and simple way for Pastigo to begin building a relationship with the supplier.By opening with a good amount of information, especially with a local supplier, OAF as an organization can leverage the fact that they are trying to grow the amount of fertilizer used by a large amount of farmers which is good for the fertilizer suppliers. This was also an efficient means to build the relationship the OAF was hoping to have with their future supplier, by showing that they were open and upfront with bo th the plans and goals of OAF any possible relationship would from more easily. All in all by being open from the beginning Pastigo put himself in a good position to conduct the negotiations. . If Dehvi Medji’s price had been good but not the best, would you still have recommended that Postigo try to negotiate with Dehvi Medji? As we have mentioned before, Postigo was concerned with three major issues: delivery date, price, and the ability for growth into the future. Taking into consideration all of these issues, it could be seen that Dehvi Medji met the other qualifications for a good supplier in that they could meet the proper delivery schedule in January and they were a small company that had the ability to grow alongside OAF going into the future.Price was only one of the concerns that Postigo was looking at. The case study goes on to state that â€Å"in previous fertilizer negotiations between OAF and Dehvi Medji, the company had settled for 10 percent off its initial o ffer† (negotiating, pg 7). This indicates that although the initial bid that Dehvi Medji produced might have not been the best, their company was proven to have wiggle room during the negotiations process and could possibly still be convinced to lower their price to become the best price.Although Dehvi Medji might not have had the best initial price coming out of the initial requests for proposals (RFPs), their initial price could be negotiated and they met the other requirements, delivery schedule and ability for growth in the future, that OAF was looking at. Our recommendation to Postigo would be to still enter the negotiation phase with Dehvi Medji, regardless of the initial price bid, in order to further scope out the qualifications of the supplier and possibly discover all of the benefits that they have to offer. . OAF’s founder, Andrew Youn, is a MBA. Given the importance of low-priced, good-quality fertilizer to his company’s ability to achieve its goals, should Youn be considering alternatives to buying from a handful of Kenyan wholesale suppliers? What might those alternatives be? The importance of low-priced, good-quality fertilizer was a major component to the success of the companies but it is doubtful that it was the only goal of the not for profit.The goal of the OAF is to help the local small plot farmers become more self-sufficient and by choosing local wholesalers over a foreign supplier can build the fertilizer industry in Kenya allowing local farmers to have better access even if the OAF was to leave the country. It is quite likely that Mr. Youn did consider other options during the start-up process but in the end decided local suppliers would be a better option. An option that they may considered would be using a foreign wholesaler and bulk ship the fertilizer to Kenya and then ship it to the warehouses to break down and disperse to the participating farmers.This option may have saved them enough money on the base produc t to offset the increase in shipping and handling cost to get the fertilizer into Kenya. This may not have been a viable option in this opening round of negotiation due to the limited amount of fertilizer the OAF was purchasing at the time. 7. Postigo informed the case writers that the Kenyan government did implement its program of buying fertilizer in bulk to distribute at reduced prices to farmers, but that this program did not really affect OAF farmers because they could not afford to travel to government depots and did not have the cash to buy or transport the fertilizer.However, this action by the Kenyan government might have secondary effects for OAF’s negotiations with fertilizer suppliers in the future. What do you think those secondary effects might be? There are a variety of secondary ramifications for the OAF when negotiating future fertilizer purchase form local suppliers due to the government subsidized supply. One obvious problem in the risk that the a current o r future supplier may not be able to stay competitive in the fertilizer market in Kenya and will go out of business, forcing the OAF to search elsewhere for their supply of fertilizer.Another less gloomy prospect is with the government subsidizing fertilizer in Kenya the OAF may have a better bargaining position with the local wholesalers, allowing the OAF to purchase more fertilizer with the same investment helping the program to expand faster. This choice by the Kenyan government may also allow the OAF to negotiate with the government to receive the discounted price and focus instead on the transport of the fertilizer from the government depots to the farmers who need it most. 8. In what way did Postigo use his awareness of hierarchy in Kenyan culture during his negotiations with Dehvi Medji?During the second round of negotiations which were exclusively with the Dehvi Medji firm the awareness of the hieratical culture of Kenya was used to help set a price from which Postigo could begin the round of negotiations. This was seen in the sentence on page seven of the case study where Pestigo from looking previous negotiations knew that Dehvi Medji sold for roughly ten percent less than their opening offer. This was an assumption made due to the fact that Postigo was working with decedent of the former managers who made this 10 present discount a way of business.There is also the fact the before the negotiators began discussing price Pestigo first discussed the increase in the price of fertilizer and the effects it was having of the OAF, the likely hood of government intervention, and finally the growth prospects of both the OAF and Dehvi Medji. Only after all of this opening information was shared were the negotiations for price and transportation brought into the negotiation. Both of these considerations made by Pestigo showed he was prepared to enter negotiations with Jiten Patel and allowed them both to come to an agreeable solution. 9.What do you see as the s trengths and weaknesses of Postigo’s negotiating strategy for fertilizer in 2007? Postigo had many strengths and weaknesses in his attempt of his first large acquisition of fertilizer for the OAF. His main strengths were the facts that he was knowledgeable about his product and the suppliers he was dealing with as well as the fact he was prepared going into the negotiation process. His main weakness included the fact that he had not built a relationship with his Kenyan suppliers knowing far in advance that that is an essential procedure in Kenyan business culture.He also failed to have realistic expectations when asking a smaller company like Delvi Medji and Sons to potentially supply such a large customer base. The fact that Postigo did not build a relationship could have resulted in Dehvi Medji and Sons’ Jiten patel(the supplier) agreeing with Postigo only to avoid confrontation knowing far in advance they would not be able to meet his needs. Postigo’s knowled ge of the wholesale prices as well as his market and expected forecast did allow him however, to accurately predict OAF’s growth and was contributed heavily to his success of getting the fertilizer under the market price of 3,263 Ksh/50kg bag.He was able to work the suppliers down through both price competition but more importantly by providing a â€Å"win-win† situation for both him and the supplier. His main incentive was by doing business with OAF the supplier would grow with the OAF as it expanded its market to 30,000 farmers. He in return expected a supplier to reduce their costs helping the OAF. Even though Postigo had some weaknesses in his overall negotiation strategy by not meeting face-to-face,In the end, Postigo successfully worked to an agreeable solution where both parties benefited in 2007.

Dissertation Writers

Dissertation Writers Dissertation Writers Planning Tips for Dissertation Writers You have been working hard for some months already, but now you feel that you have to rush through your dissertation because you are extremely short of time? Unfortunately, this situation is familiar to many dissertation writers. The reasons for this misfortune can be numerous, but in many cases they have failed to write their dissertations on time because they did not plan their time in a proper way. When you have just chosen your topic, you may think that you have a lot of time ahead, and it is true. Keeping this idea in mind, many dissertation writers just lose the first very important weeks doing nothing. Even if you do not bumble along and start work, for example you begin gathering evidence for your dissertation, you can easily be trapped. Remember, time flows away very fast. And if you do not prepare a schedule of your dissertation work, even a rough one, then the consequences can be frustrating. If you do not allocate your time, you might devote too much time to some parts of your dissertation and leave others neglected. Well, if you understand the importance of planning, you can do it this way. Take a large sheet of paper and make a draft of your work schedule. Draw your university timetable, and do not forget to mention your social activities, part-time job etc. Then mark out some periods of time from one to two hours that can be devoted to your dissertation. Some hard-working dissertation writers work for hours without having rest, but it is not reasonable because after two hours work your brain will get tired and your work will not be effective. Moreover, planning your work keep in mind when you can work effectively. Can you work early in the morning or late at night? Preparing your table, write down your interim deadlines the way you see them. For example, note by what time you think your methodology should be prepared etc. When you your work schedule is ready, consult your supervisor, ask him whethe r he approves your plan. Many dissertation writers avoid consulting their supervisors, which is a very big mistake. You might have problems if you do not show your work to your supervisor, and it is not very wise to refuse the assistance of your tutor. Well, we are sure that if you make use of these tips, you will be one of those lucky dissertation writers who write their dissertations without problems.

Power of Short Words in Business Writing

Power of Short Words in Business Writing I’ve long admired Richard Lederer’s writing on language. In his 1991 book, The Miracle of Language, Lederer sings the praises of the short word: When you speak and write, there is no law that says you have to use big words. Short words are as good as long ones, and short, old words- like sun and grass and home- are best of all. A lot of small words, more than you might think, can meet your needs with a strength, grace, and charm that large words do not have. Big words can make the way dark for those who read what you write and hear what you say. Small words cast their clear light on big things- night and day, love and hate, war and peace, and life and death. Big words at times seem strange to the eye and the ear and the mind and the heart. Small words are the ones we seem to have known from the time we were born, like the hearth fire that warms the home. Short words are bright like sparks that glow in the night, prompt like the dawn that greets the day, sharp like the blade of a knife, hot like salt tears that scald the cheek, quick like moths that flit from flame to flame, and terse like the dart and sting of a bee. Here is a sound rule: Use small, old words where you can. If a long word says just what you want to say, do not fear to use it. But know that our tongue is rich in crisp, brisk, swift, short words. Make them the spine and the heart of what you speak and write. Short words are like fast friends. They will not let you down. These four paragraphs contain 221 words, all of them one syllable. MS Word’s Readibility Score is 100% – the highest score possible. These short words are both profound and easy to absorb. It is simple, but not simplistic, and very persuasive. This passage represents clear, vivid, effective writing that can be easily absorbed by business people battling information overload. The most evocative Bible passages and many proverbs use this same short word structure: In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. (John 1.1) A stitch in time saves nine. This does not mean â€Å"Don’t use big words.† We must use big words in our business writing and conversation, when they express a meaning no other word can. We work with technical and industry terms, and sometimes a big word best depicts this. Two tips on clarity I always highlight in business writing courses: Never use a big word when a small word will do. Write to express, not to impress

Human Relations in the Criminal Justice Organization Essay

Human Relations in the Criminal Justice Organization - Essay Example The police act not only at the call of duty, but also perform with a sense of mission. The former, known for its unity of command and delegation of duty, is addressed as the classical approach, and the latter, characterized by attitudes, feelings and beliefs, as the human relations approach (Greene, 2006). The human relations approach effectively breeds a sense of suspicion on one hand, and mission and a moral imperative, on the other (Reiner, 2002). For example, police officers rue the fact that they develop an attitude of suspicion that cannot be switched off as it is innate to the type of the work they do (Reiner, 2002). The police come across two kinds of highly specialized communications; internal and external. Communication in police force can also be classified as formal and informal. The duty of the police calls for interplay of the two kinds of communication vertical (internal) and horizontal (external) with the external environment. The nature of administrative communicatio n is strictly formal and involves a lot of paper work. The very formal nature of communication can, at times, become an impediment in the flow of information. Through job design, the administrators try to increase the productivity of the workplace by creating a routine of work for an employee that checks dissatisfaction, monotony, and prevents employee alienation. Freeman (1999) uses the metaphor of ‘environment design’ to increase the extent and scope of job design. Job design helps to tone down the mundane reality of everyday policing, which is often boring, messy, petty, trivial and venal (Reiner, 2002, p 277). The ideal job design makes the police personnel generalists, adept at a range of activities, rather than specialists, trained in one or two disciplines. According to Freeman (1999), the job design in a correction is influenced by the activities of staff,

Christopher Columbus, journal excerpts and letter Essay

Christopher Columbus, journal excerpts and letter - Essay Example The sojourner reached remote islands and places. He named the first island found San Salvador in honor to Lord and Saviour who gave such ‘miracle’ (Cohen, 1992, p. 115) although natives called it Guanahani. The second island he has gone to was named Santa Maria de Concepcion, the third was â€Å"Fernandina† and the fourth was â€Å"Isabela†. The fifth island was named â€Å"Juana† (Cohen 1992 p. 115). What catches Columbus’ attention as he makes and encounters the native islanders? When Columbus met some native men gathered he immediately took notice of their masculine features, long hair and bodies painted in black, red and white. His compassion made him think that these persons should be converted to Christianity â€Å"by love and not by force†. (Cohen 1992) He also noticed that there were villagers who immediately left their homes when the ships were seen to have arrived in the area. In his report, he described his amazement at how these people received their gifts and their strong interest in material things was illustrated by how the natives immediately put these materials on their body (Mar, 1996).